• Post translational ubiquitination has been shown to regulate

  2022-10-10

  

  Post-translational ubiquitination has been shown to regulate a wide range of cellular responses, such as the synaptic trafficking and turnover of neurotransmitter receptors (Rape, 2018). Ubiquitination is also engaged in the modification of protein-protein interaction and intracellular signaling tra

• Bergmann glia cells BGCs are the most

  2022-10-10

  

  Bergmann glia PF-543 receptor (BGCs) are the most abundant glia cells in the cerebellum, comprising more than 90% of the cerebellar glia. These cells span the entire cerebellar molecular layer and encapsulate neuronal somata, dendrites and axons. BGC are involved in neurotransmitter uptake, K+ home

• While CART increased circulating levels of GIP and GLP in

  2022-10-09

  

  While CART increased circulating levels of GIP and GLP-1 in vivo, we were unable to detect any effect of exogenous CART on GIP and GLP-1 mRNA expression or GLP-1 secretion in vitro. There is no ready explanation for this discrepancy. The CART doses used (both in vivo and in vitro) have been shown to

• Ghrelin contains an n octanoylation at its Ser residue Kojim

  2022-10-09

  

  Ghrelin contains an n-octanoylation at its Ser3 residue (Kojima et al., 1999). While des-acyl ghrelin is found in high concentrations in the blood, only the lipidated form is active at GHSR (Bednarek et al., 2000). We previously showed that ghrelin interacts with the membrane via its lipid modificat

• So far several methods have been used to monitor the

  2022-10-09

  

  So far, several methods have been used to monitor the level of GJC and its regulation in astrocytes studied in acute Desfuroylceftiofur slices (see Giaume et al., 2012). This mainly includes approaches based either on electrophysiological properties of gap junction channels or on “dye coupling” exp

• AD is an irreversible and progressive

  2022-10-09

  

  AD is an irreversible and progressive neurodegenerative disease affecting the Flavin adenine dinucleotide which insidiously destroys memory, thinking skills and cognition. Originally described in 1906 by German physician Alois Alzheimer, AD is characterized by the presence of intraneuronal neurofib

• There is a dual inducer

  2022-10-09

  

  There is a dual inducer of both galanin and super-threshold pain. First, injury-induced pain may stimulate galanin secretion. After peripheral nerve injury, the galanin expression level was upregulated in dorsal root ganglion (DRG), dorsal horn and hypothalamic arcuate of rats [25], [28], [33]. The

• There is a dual inducer

  2022-10-09

  

  There is a dual inducer of both galanin and super-threshold pain. First, injury-induced pain may stimulate galanin secretion. After peripheral nerve injury, the galanin expression level was upregulated in dorsal root ganglion (DRG), dorsal horn and hypothalamic arcuate of rats [25], [28], [33]. The

• The conversion of lactose to GOS by gal involves the

  2022-10-09

  

  The conversion of lactose to GOS by β-gal involves the same transglycosylation mechanism used by most glycoside hydrolases (GHs). This mechanism (Fig. 1) involves an enzyme-bound intermediate and consists of two processes: glycosylation and deglycosylation (Adlercreutz, 2017). The glycosylation proc

• br Ethics approval br Availability of

  2022-10-08

  

  Ethics approval Availability of data and materials Consent for publication Competing interests Authors contributions Introduction Glucose supply to tissues is maintained through a complex regulatory network mostly driven by the pancreatic hormones insulin and glucagon which control

• Studies have indicated that formylated peptides FPRs and in

  2022-10-08

  

  Studies have indicated that formylated peptides, FPRs, and in particular FPR-1 may be principal conductors in inflammatory processes in sterile-24, 26 and infection-related diseases. FPR-1 and formylated peptides, which are active components of CS, have been involved in smoking-induced lung damage,

• br Introduction The term autophagy was

  2022-10-08

  

  Introduction The term “autophagy” was coined by Christian de Duve in 1963 to describe the process of removing and degrading intracellular components such as unused proteins and damaged organelles through lysosomes [1,2]. Autophagy has been divided into three main types, namely, macroautophagy, mi

• br Although earlier studies had reported conflicting results

  2022-10-08

  

  Although earlier studies had reported conflicting results regarding the role of Ca2+ in regulating SV endocytosis, more recent data suggest that Ca2+ influx facilitates SV endocytosis in hippocampal neurons, the calyx of Held, and in inner hair Fosinopril sodium (Dittman and Ryan, 2009, Hosoi et

• Glycogen synthase kinase GSK a

  2022-10-04

  

  Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3), a serine/threonine kinase, has been confirmed to be involved in some biological processes in NaCl or wound-treated plants (Chen et al., 2003, Hai et al., 2001, Jonak et al., 2000). NO has been recently recognized as a vital signaling compound in plants. The NO don

• The endocannabinoid system ECS consists of cannabinoid

  2022-10-04

  

  The endocannabinoid system (ECS) consists of cannabinoid (CB)1 and CB2 receptors, their endogenous ligands anandamide and 2-arachidonylglycerol, and the synthesizing and degrading enzymes for these ligands. Cannabinoids and the ECS are involved in the regulation of GI motility in physiological and

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